栏目

四蕊朴Celtis tetrandra Roxb.

别名:朴树;四蕊木;云南朴;硬壳榄;西藏朴;石朴;沙糖蒿;滇朴;昆明朴;朴;广西朴;凤庆朴;沙朴;

科名:榆科 Ulmaceae

属名:朴属 Celtis

《中国植物志》第22卷409页
  7. 四蕊朴(植物分类学报) 石朴(台湾植物志),昆明朴、西藏朴、凤庆朴 图版128: 3-4
  Celtis tetrandra Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. 2. 2: 63. 1832; Planch. in DC. Prodr. 17: 179. 1873; Soepadmo in van Steenis, Fl. Males. ser. 1. 8(2): 66. 1977; 中国高等植物图鉴, 补编1: 145.图8425. 1982; 西藏植物志1: 509.图163: 1-2. 1983; 四川植物志8: 160. 1985; 云南树木图志, 中册: 653.图355: 1-4. 1990.——C. formosana Hayata in Journ. Coll. Sci. Univ. Tokyo 30(1): 272. 1911; 台湾植物志2: 107. pl. 229. 1976. ——C. yunnanensis Schneid. in Sarg. Pl. Wilson. 3: 279. 1916. ——C. salvatiana Schneid. l. c. 283. 1916.——C. kumingensis Cheng et Hong, 林业科学8: 12. 1963;云南树木志, 中册: 656.图356: 1-5. 1990.——C. xizangensis E. W. Main Acta Phytotax. Sin. 18 (1): 14. 1980.——C. fengqingensis Hu ex E. W. Ma in Bull. Bot. Lab. North-East. Forest. Inst. 7: 122. 1980.
  乔木,高达30米,树皮灰白色;当年生小枝幼时密被黄褐色短柔毛,老后毛常脱落,去年生小枝褐色至深褐色,有时还可残留柔毛;冬芽棕色,鳞片无毛。叶厚纸质至近革质,通常卵状椭圆形或带菱形,长5-13厘米,宽3-5.5厘米,基部多偏斜,一侧近圆形,一侧楔形,先端渐尖至短尾状渐尖,边缘变异较大,近全缘至具钝齿,幼时叶背常和幼枝、叶柄一样,密生黄褐色短柔毛,老时或脱净或残存,变异也较大。果梗常2-3枚(少有单生)生于叶腋,其中一枚果梗(实为总梗)常有2果(少有多至具4果),其它的具1果,无毛或被短柔毛,长7-17毫米;果成熟时黄色至橙黄色,近球形,直径约8毫米;核近球形,直径约5毫米,具4条肋,表面有网孔状凹陷。花期3-4月,果期9-10月。
  产西藏南部、云南中部、南部和西部、四川(西昌)、广西西部。多生于沟谷、河谷的林中或林缘,山坡灌丛中也有,海拔700-1 500米。印度、尼泊尔、不丹至缅甸、越南也有分布。
  据印度和印度尼西亚方面的资料,本种系半常绿性,当花序抽出时,尚有部分老叶残留枝上,这一特点在我国台湾植物上可见到,但在大陆标本上尚不明显,有待进一步作野外观察。
  本种是一个多类型的种,西起尼泊尔、印度北部等一带,一直向东分布,经缅甸到越南和我国云南境内,若再往东延伸,则和我国一般所称的朴树 C. sinensis Pers. 相遇,二者几不可分。通观我国这一类标本,很明显的可以分为两大类型,一类主要分布于我国华南、华中、华东以及四川、贵州一带,即我国们一般认为的朴树,其叶多为卵形或卵状椭圆形,但不带菱形,基部几乎不偏斜,另一类主要分布于西藏、云南、四川、广西一带,即我国一般称为 C. salvatiana Schneid.,其叶通常为卵状椭圆形或带菱形,基部多偏斜,但两者相遇之处,有许多中间类型,故我们认为它们宜是一个种的两个亚种,而 C.salvatiana Schneid., C. yunnanensis Schneid. 和 C. tetrandra Roxb.又不可分。Hand. -Mazz. Symb: Sin. 7: 102. 1929 早就指出 C. sinensis 和 C. tetrandra 很接近。但后者是一个多类型的种,致使 Hara (Fl. Him. 2nd. Rep. 19, 1971)说本属的喜马拉雅种类宜作详细研究。"Our specimens are variable in the degree of pubescence and also the shape,size and serrature of leaves and some of them are referrable to var. Hamiltonii (Planck. ) Hook. f. The Himalayan plants of the genus need a critical revision."在目前尚未对本类群进行全面研究情况下,为了保持名称的相对稳定性,本志暂将C. tetrandra Roxb.和C.sinensis作为独立种来处理,其区别特征如检索表所列,但二者的中间类型很多,其间断程度和其它种相对比是不可同日而语的。作者曾把C. sinensis Pers.发表日期看错,误把它作为C. tetrandra Roxb.的亚种,在命名法上是错误的。

《Flora of China》 Vol. 5 (2003)
Celtis tetrandra  Roxburgh
四蕊朴   si rui po
Celtis fengqingensis Hu ex E. W. Ma; C. formosana Hayata; C. kunmingensis W. C. Cheng & T. Hong; C. salvatiana C. K. Schneider; C. xizangensis E. W. Ma; C. yunnanensis C. K. Schneider.
Trees, to 30 m tall, deciduous or sometimes evergreen. Bark grayish white. Branchlets densely yellowish brown pubescent when young, brown, usually glabrescent with age; lenticels few or none. Winter buds brown, 1-3 mm; scales glabrous, margin ciliate. Stipules narrowly lanceolate, caducous, to 7 mm, never enclosing buds. Petiole 6-13 mm, brown, broadly sulcate, puberulous at least near adaxial furrow; leaf blade ovate-elliptic, ovate-lanceolate, or ± rhombic, 5-13 × 2.5-5.5 cm, thickly papery to ± papery, abaxially usually inconspicuously yellowish brown puberulent when young, with hairs scattered on major veins and sometimes tufted in vein axils with age, base oblique with one side ± rounded and other cuneate, margin entire or obtusely serrate, teeth 0-13 on each side, apex acuminate to shortly caudate-acuminate; secondary veins 3 or 4 on each side of midvein. Flowers fascicled, occasionally in racemes of 2 or 3 flowers. Style branches linear, undivided. Infructescences unbranched or seldom forked, rarely showing a small scar from a fallen male flower, 1-3 per leaf axil, rather slender, glabrous or pubescent, 0.8-1.5 cm; fruiting pedicel 1 or 2 × as long as subtending petiole. Drupe yellow to orange when mature, ± globose, 7-8 mm in diam. Stone ± globose, ca. 5 mm in diam., 4-ribbed. Fl. Mar-Apr, fr. Sep-Oct.
Mesophytic mixed forests, valleys, slopes; 700-1500 m. W Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, Sichuan (Xichang), S Xizang, C, E, and S Yunnan [Bhutan, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam].

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